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提交:24 April 2020 |得到正式认可的:08 June 2020 |Published:09 June 2020

如何引用本文:Mohamed MSA。COVID-19:可能的医疗策略。Int J Clin Virol。2020;4:071-075。

doi:10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001018

Copyright License:©2020 Mohamed MSA。这是根据Creativ必威体育西汉姆联e Commons归因许可分发的开放访问文章,该文章允许在任何媒介中不受限制地使用,分发和复制,前提是适当地引用了原始作品。

关键字:新冠肺炎;SARS-CoV-2;呼吸衰竭;多器官故障

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COVID-19:可能的医疗策略

Mohamed Sa Mohamed*

MSAM医疗咨询,胸腔移植系,德国埃森大学埃森大学诊所

*通讯地址:Mohamed Sa Mohamed,MSAM,医疗咨询,胸腔移植系,德国埃森大学埃森大学诊所,电子邮件:mohammed.shehatta1@gmail.com

Abstract

In late 2019, a pandemic crisis started in Wuhan, China, swept the whole world. The disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-19 virus that belongs to the corona family of viruses. The virus mainly caused failure of respiration, and led to many deaths worldwide. The main focus of research and medicine is to find more about the virus, as well as the development of effective preventive and therapeutic measures. While many trials and opinions have been published, which might support or contradict each other, this article tries to provide a simplified viewpoint about the disease. We highly recommend the therapeutic strategies to include drug combinations that can target the pathogenesis at many levels. For example, a combination of an effective anti-viral Remdesivir, soulable ACE2, and an immune modulator.

COVID-19是由SARS-COV-2病毒引起的大流行,该病毒靶向肺中的肺细胞II。病毒通过附着在ACE2表面受体上进入靶细胞。SARS-COV-2病毒为 +ssRNA,这意味着;

•它通过RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶复制其遗传材料

•它在细胞核糖体中翻译其蛋白质

• Newly synthesized RNA and proteins assemble and spread to new cells as the infected cells die [1].

肺部发生了什么?

The infection stimulates the resident macrophages and immune cells to start a call of inflammation. This involves the secretion of important mediators; IL1β, IL6 & TNFα, and increased vascular permeability. This leads to the following:

• Infected cells in the lungs die

•表面活性剂的产生减少

• Alveoli collapse

• Alveolar odema develops

•炎症的呼唤可能导致细胞因子的大量产生,即所谓的细胞因子风暴,导致多器官衰竭

诊断

Clinical symptoms and signs may include fever, dry cough, sore throat and shortness of breath. The findings of CT thorax can show the progression of viral pneumonia (Figure 1). However, throat swab and PCR or genetic sequancing are the reliable confirmatory tests [1].


Download Image

图1:在19009肺部感染中,一些可能的CT发现。资料来源:Wei Zhao等。《美国roentgenology杂志:1-6》。10.2214/ajr.20.22976

由于ACE2主要在肺,肾脏,胃肠道(GIT)和血管中表达,因此这可能解释了一些COVID-19引起的临床表现,例如血栓栓塞,痴呆症状,肾脏和GIT病毒局部局部,因此,预期的传输模式。这种表现应在治疗策略中得到充分考虑,例如,应用适当的抗凝治疗[2]。

https://mohammedshehatta1.wixsite.com/website/post/sars-cov-2-covid-19

转化病理生理学

•SARS-COV-2通过附着在细胞表面受体酶分子ACE2上感染其靶细胞。

•ACE2 - ANG1-7和ACE2 - ANG1-9是2个轴,在组织保护中起各种作用(图2)。


Download Image

图2:SARS-COV-2与ACE2的相互作用抑制了保护性级联反应。

•病毒附着在受体上会阻断其保护作用,从而逐渐造成组织损伤。

•一些在我们当前的医学实践中广泛使用的重要药物,例如布洛芬和血管紧张素受体阻滞剂(ARB),上调ACE2表达,可能有利于Covid-19感染!![3,4]。但是,增加的ACE2表达可能有利于其保护功能,从而减弱了疾病的表现!

可能的策略

Prevention is the best strategy

•适当的Hygien

• 社交隔离

•经常洗手

• Staying home

阻止病毒复制

•有一些杜尔格可以阻止RNA病毒复制。

•这些药物是安全且批准用于治疗其他病毒感染的诸如相对电晕病毒,MERS和或HIV的治疗。

• Clinical trials are conducted to test the efficacy of those drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

• Remdesivir & Ciclesonide are examples

•Remdesivir表现出最令人满意的结果,并被批准或被批准为唯一可靠的抗COVID-19疗法,在此应用中,其应用于严重疾病的199例患者,在53例患者中有36例(68%)中的36例临床改善[5]]。

抵抗呼吸衰竭

As the COVID-19 infection results in respiratory failure, respiratory support is essential for patient’s survival. In the intensive care, the critically ill patients are supported with mechanical ventilation. The aim is to maintain the necessary oxygenation, where CPAP machines could help in case of ventilators shortage.

Immunity Modulation

(1) Active immunization

◦由于科学的努力,已经确定了SARS-COV-2的抗原表位,其中SARS-COV-2和SARS-COV之间的基因组相似性高达76.5%。因此,mRNA疫苗正在开发和临床验证中。

◦对人类过敏和传染病研究所(NIAID)领导的1期研究的冠状病毒疫苗(NIAID)产生了有希望的早期临床数据。

◦ Although didn’t publish detailed data in a preprint or a scientific journal, the company said in its press release that all 45 participants across 3 study arms receiving different doses — 25, 100 or 250 micrograms of the vaccine — seroconverted 2 weeks after their first dose.

◦对8位参与者的抗体(接受25和100微克的剂量)的抗体进行了测试,其在体外中和实时SARS-COV-2的能力,所有8位参与者的抗体具有相当于或大于恢复的抗体,其量相当于或大于所发现的抗体。病人。

(2)被动免疫

◦并非所有被感染的人都死亡,甚至患上重症疾病。

◦年龄,合并症,肺部健康,吸烟,免疫反应的幅度和其他因素可能决定临床结果。

◦恢复的患者对SARS-COV-2产生抗体和免疫力,可以将其转移到重症患者。

(3)细胞因子风暴调节

如前所述,人体对病毒的反应可能比感染本身更糟,引起免疫反应并释放出大量的炎性细胞因子,这些炎症性细胞因子自由地循环体内并导致多器官衰竭,尤其是呼吸和肾脏衰竭。因此,对这种免疫反应的控制是一种治疗靶标,与控制病毒复制一样重要。CD24FC

◦是一种由与人免疫球蛋白G1(IgG1)FC结构蛋白相关的成熟人糖蛋白CD24的细胞外域的重组融合蛋白,具有潜在的免疫检查点抑制,抗炎和抗肿瘤活性。

◦ Upon administration, the CD24 extracellular domain-IgG1 Fc domain recombinant fusion protein CD24Fc binds to injured cell components, also called DAMPs (Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns), thereby preventing the interaction of DAMPs with toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inhibiting both nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB) activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

◦此外,CD24FC与SIGLEC G/10结合并激活Siglec G/10,唾液酸结合的免疫球蛋白,并刺激SHP-1介导的抑制性信号传导,防止NFKB激活和炎症介质的分泌,从而进一步预防炎症反应。

◦I期临床试验证明了其安全性和减弱多种炎性细胞因子表达的能力。

◦对造血干细胞移植患者的II期临床试验表明,其衰减严重(3-4级)急性移植物与宿主疾病(GVHD)的能力,其中移植的T细胞攻击受体靶标组织。

◦ Currently Phase II/III trials are being conducted for potential COVID-19 application [6].

间充质干细胞

◦ Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that could be derived from adult bone marrow, as well as other tissues. These cells have the ability to differentiate into many cell lines, which gives a great hope that MSCs could be a magic regenerative therapy to restore damaged tissue.

◦免疫系统可耐受间充质干细胞的耐受性,在那里它们可以通过调节T细胞激活和增殖来减轻免疫力,或通过直接细胞 - 细胞相互作用或通过可溶性因子来减轻免疫力。

◦此外,MSC分泌许多免疫调节因子,包括IL10,转化生长因子β(TGFβ),前列腺素E2(PGE2)(PGE2)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)。

◦IL10是调节T辅助-1细胞中细胞因子表达的主要抗炎细胞因子之一,以及巨噬细胞表面上的主要组织相容性II类抗原和共拟合分子。此外,IL10拮抗NF-κB的活性,并能够以剂量依赖的方式抑制IL8的产生。

◦尽管在IL1β,TNFα,IFNγ和脂多糖刺激下,内皮粘附性显着提高,这增加了由MSC分泌的白细胞(巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞)迁移的白细胞(巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞)迁移,但可以阻止这些效应在DOSE依赖于DOSE依赖性的方式中。

◦PGE2在抑制抗原呈现的增殖,分化和功能以及细胞毒性细胞(包括树突状细胞,巨噬细胞和天然杀伤(NK)细胞)方面起作用。

◦因此,MSC已证明能够调节不良免疫反应和炎症,以及临床试验早期阶段的临床安全。

◦ Clinical trials are being conducted to prove their benefits in COVID-19-19 cases [7].

(4) Hydroxychloroquine

◦是一种用于治疗疟疾,红斑狼疮和类风湿关节炎的药物。

◦它可以通过干扰抗原加工和表现来减轻炎症,这是刺激CD4+ T细胞所必需的,因此,它可以用作免疫调节剂来防止细胞因子风暴[8]。

◦ Moreover, chloroquine analogs are able to inhibit the endosomal acidification and show an invitro antiviral activity at high micromolar concentrations against a broad range of emerging viruses, including COVID-19 [9].

◦ Clinical trials are being conducted for potential covid-19 application. However, the initial results show no evidence of a favourable clinical outcome. In other words, the in-vitro reported antiviral activities are still not reproducible clinically. In addition, the drug itself might have serious side effects [10,11].

(5)ACE2相关策略

◦SARS-COV-2通过附着在细胞表面ACE2上感染其靶细胞。

◦ACE2有助于细胞因子释放的衰减[12]。

◦使用RH-ACE2治疗可能发挥双重功能:

➣放慢病毒进入靶细胞的速度,因此病毒扩散

➣保护肺部免受损伤(图2)[13]。

GSK2586881是一种RH-ACE2,几年前在I期试验中进行了研究,以进行潜在的肺部保护。II期试验的进一步研究证实了其安全性,即显着提高ANG1-7和ANG1-5的水平的能力,以及血浆中IL6水平降低的趋势[14]。

MSAM建议

基于我们的转化免疫学观点,我们认为SARS-COV-2可能与流感不同,这是以下事实:

• Both types of viruses infect pulmonary cells causing cells to die.

•两种感染引发了细胞因子风暴的炎症反应。

• Influenza viruses interact with sialic acid residues of target cells surface glycans, keeping the protective roles of ACE2 intact.

• SARS-CoV-2 interacts with ACE2 of the target cells, abolishing its important protective signaling.

因此,我们强烈建议您的治疗策略包括可以在许多层面上针对发病机理的药物组合。例如,有效的抗病毒Remdesivir,可灵感的ACE2和免疫调节剂的组合。

在我们的建议下,香港大学进行的一项小型试验的早期数据表现出了与HIV医学lopinavir – Ritonavir,肝炎药物利巴韦林和多发性硬化症治疗疗法疗法疗法的结合,对Covid-19治疗表现出了希望。这种组合表明了强烈的抗病毒方法,并结合了免疫调节剂IF-ß,并显着重温症状,并减少了86例轻度至中度Covid-19患者的病毒脱落持续时间和住院时间,比较至41例对照患者[15]。

利益冲突

MSAM for medical consultations provide medical advisory services. This work is part of our contribution to the battle against the COVID-19 pandemy. There is no funding or commercial relations between MSAM for medical consultations and any of the products mentioned in the article.

参考
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